Transportation can be challenging in London. Most visitors find their travel needs can be met either on foot or via public transit – cars may not even be necessary!
Bus routes provide an efficient and economical means of getting around London, while riding its iconic red double-deckers is part of its experience.
History
London has long been one of the world’s most bustling cities. Beginning as a Roman town known as Londinium and later becoming Britain’s capital city, London became the epicenter for British culture, politics and commerce – becoming an international financial centre and cultural hub with museums, galleries and theatres to boot!
The first permanent foundations date back to 50 AD when Roman Ruler of Britain ordered construction of a defensive wall around Londinium to protect it and eventually define what would become known as London. This wall still exists today and defines the boundaries of what we now refer to as City of London.
Following Rome’s fall, control of the City passed to Saxons, Vikings, and eventually, an Anglo-Saxon heptarchy composed of Essex Mercia and Wessex. Raids and storms often threatened its security; Athelstan himself established eight mints here in comparison with six in Winchester as an indication of its wealth.
In the 11th century, the City’s growing independence was cemented when it gained the right to select its own sheriffs rather than have them appointed by monarchs. Furthermore, they received powers to hold courts on their own–something that continues today.
London experienced explosive growth during the 18th century due to an expanding national population and the early signs of industrialisation. Crime flourished freely within its walls and public hangings were common. To combat crime and ensure public safety, in 1750 the Bow Street Runners were formed as professional police forces; coffeehouses became centers for debate; press publication increased and literacy expanded substantially during this era.
Culture
London is one of the world’s foremost cultural capitals, boasting grand museums and art galleries, historic theaters, cutting-edge music venues and world-renowned musical performances throughout its streets. The British Museum houses an unparalleled treasure trove from various cultures around the world; Tate Modern features new developments in contemporary art; West End hosts musicals and plays; jazz clubs attract musicians from across the world – London offers something for every culture lover!
London is best-known for its rock scene, having given rise to such artists as David Bowie and Iron Maiden and providing a major hub for dance music. Home to large venues like O2 Arena and Hammersmith Apollo as well as numerous smaller ones such as Brixton Academy and Oyster Bar at Hippodrome; London also hosts many large music festivals such as Live Earth.
London is world-famous for its cultural institutions, yet its residents also contribute immensely to London’s unique heritage and vibrant culture. Londoners take great pride in celebrating their heritage; thus making London an inclusive space where people from diverse backgrounds can come together and gain an understanding of each other’s traditions.
Ricky Gervais and Steve Coogan perform regularly at arena shows, while music festivals like Notting Hill Carnival and London Jazz Festival bring audiences into London from far and wide. Additionally, there are clubs, societies, evening classes covering everything from ballet to salsa and grime that keep residents active and interested. Its diverse population has created an ever-evolving metropolitan city; Londoners enjoy a dynamic, multi-cultural lifestyle which never ceases to surprise. London Mayor Sadiq Khan’s 2018 Culture Strategy puts culture at its core and London is evolving all year-long.
Nightlife
Even as many venues close, London remains a lively party city and boasts more clubs than any other UK destination. Some of the best spots to go out include Corsica Studios for techno and electro nights and Koko in Camden which hosts famous musicians and DJs from all around the world. There are also smaller venues that provide unique evening experiences; The Village Underground for instance features concerts, club nights, exhibitions and theatre events all year long!
However, increasing ticket prices, rent increases, declining customer footfall, noise complaints and licensing issues have led some venues to close for good. Night buses and the rise in part-time working from home jobs has further diminished business for bars and pubs.
Struggling venues are desperately striving to cover rising operating costs by offering food and beverage specials, providing free entry for local bands, and increasing their social media presence – but some have even closed altogether.
For the full London nightlife experience, try arriving as early as possible as many clubs close their doors at 2am or earlier. It is wise to bring cash as some smaller bars don’t accept credit cards. Check out websites like Skint London and Design My Night for ideas of things to do on a student budget – the latter features exciting pop-ups and events like butterfly taxidermy to murder mystery themed Ping Pong night, so something fun awaits everyone here. Check this site regularly for upcoming events and to reserve tickets.
Shopping
London is famous for many things – Big Ben, Tower Bridge and its vibrant culture come to mind first; then come its incredible shopping opportunities that span from world-class boutiques and department stores to unique markets and independent shops – not just Big Ben!
Chelsea and Knightsbridge may be known for their luxury boutiques, but Leadenhall Market in the City also offers great shopping. Here you will find David Shrigley dominoes, Guerrilla Girls tea towels and Yinka Shinobare crockery among many other items from these artists – perfect gifts for someone artsy in your life like Hockney tote bags or Grayson Perry silk scarves to take back as souvenirs of London trips!
Visit Carnaby Street, the birthplace of London’s fashion revolution beginning in the 1960s. Here, independent retailers, heritage brands and desirable beauty labels reside. Additionally, Greenwich Market hosts an artisanal crafts market where you can find handmade goodies.
When shopping in London with children in mind, be sure to visit the Lego Store at Leicester Square and M&M’s World Candy Shop – these two stores will ensure they get everything they need! In London Kings Cross you may even find the sought-after Platform 9 and 3/4 sign! For something extra special try Belgravia for Peggy Porschen confections or visit Hamleys with its seven floors offering activities suitable for kids of all ages.
Food
London offers plenty of opportunities to experience authentic British food, taste international cuisines or discover modern twists on classic dishes – with everything from fine dining establishments and family-run eateries available as options for dining out and drinking.
Ploughman’s lunch is one of the classic English meals, typically consisting of bread, cheese and ham. This popular option can be found at pubs and eateries all around Britain.
Sunday roasts are a popular meal in pubs and other restaurants across London, serving roast meat such as chicken, lamb, turkey, beef or pork accompanied by potatoes and Yorkshire pudding.
Welsh rarebit is a toast spread topped with slices of egg and cured meats; additionally, Yorkshire pudding is a famously rich potato cake dish typically topped with meat gravy. Another local specialty to sample includes cockles which have been cooked and seasoned with malt vinegar and white pepper for an authentic experience.
Many Brits enjoy sharing a ploughman’s lunch or Sunday roast with family and friends, or ordering a full English breakfast and even curry dinner from one of the many local restaurants.
For the ultimate burger experience, visit BYRON or Gourmet Burger Kitchen and try their wide array of offerings. Additionally, some popular US chains such as Five Guys and Shake Shack may also be found here; as well as some amazing Indian food such as biryani, masala and samosas. And for something extra special consider dining at one of London’s Michelin-starred restaurants.